Lub ntsiab cuam tshuam ntawm alloying ntsiab ntawm steel zog

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Lub ntsiab cuam tshuam ntawm alloying ntsiab ntawm steel zog

• Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide hauv cov hlau muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo rau kev tswj hwm kub ntawm smelting, dov thiab kho cua sov. Cov hlau tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus carbon hauv qab {{0}}.25% muaj cov yas zoo, tsis muaj qhov tawv tawv, thiab zoo weldability. Nruab nrab-carbon steel nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon ntawm 0.25% rau 0.60% muaj tag nrho cov khoom zoo (uas yog, zoo zog thiab toughness). Cov ntsiab lus carbon ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 0.60% yog cov pa roj carbon ntau nrog cov tawv tawv thiab tsis muaj zog. Cov pa roj carbon monoxide ua ntau hom kev ua haujlwm siab hardness carbide hauv cov kabmob steel thiab cov cuab yeej thiab cov hlau tuag. tuaj yeem txhim kho hardness thiab hnav tsis kam ntawm steel.
• Silicon yog lub ntsiab txo tus neeg sawv cev thiab deoxidizer hauv cov txheej txheem steelmaking. Cov hlau tua feem ntau muaj {{0}}.15% rau 0.30% silicon. Cov silicon hauv cov hlau tuaj yeem yaj hauv ferrite ntawm chav tsev kub thiab muaj qee yam ntxiv dag zog rau cov hlau. Yog hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm silicon nyob rau hauv steel ntau tshaj 0.50% mus rau 0.60%, lub elastic txwv, yield point thiab tensile lub zog ntawm cov hlau yuav ua tau ho nce, yog li nws yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel. Silicon yog ua ke nrog molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, thiab lwm yam los txhim kho corrosion kuj thiab oxidation tsis kam, thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua cov hlau kub-resistant. Cov pa roj carbon tsawg nrog cov ntsiab lus silicon ntawm 1% mus rau 4% muaj qhov sib nqus permeability siab heev thiab yog cov khoom siv raw rau hluav taws xob silicon steel los xij. Thaum cov ntsiab lus silicon siab, nws yog ib qho yooj yim ua rau txias brittleness, thiab nws yog ib qho yooj yim los tsim graphitization thaum tempered nyob rau hauv nruab nrab carbon steel thiab siab carbon steel.
• Cov ntsiab lus ntawm manganese nyob rau hauv carbon structural steel yog {{0}}.50% mus rau 1.50%, thiab nyob rau hauv high-zoo carbon structural steel yog 0.20% mus rau 1.20%. Nws yog lub ntsiab deoxidation thiab sulfur tshem tawm keeb. Rau cov hlau tua, manganese tuaj yeem txhim kho lub peev xwm deoxidation ntawm silicon thiab txhuas. Qee cov oxides tsim los ntawm manganese nyob rau hauv cov hlau tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov hlau los tsim cov duab kheej kheej, siab-melting point manganese sulfide, uas muaj qee yam plasticity ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, yog li nws tuaj yeem txo cov thermal brittleness los ntawm leej faj thiab tshem tawm cov teeb meem cuam tshuam. ntawm sulfur nyob rau hauv steel rau ib qho twg. Lwm qhov ntawm manganese dissolves nyob rau hauv ferrite los ua kom muaj kev sib zog ua kom muaj zog, yog li ntawd thaum cov hlau txias tom qab dov, nws yuav tau txais kev zoo thiab muaj zog pearlite, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho lub hardness thiab lub zog ntawm cov hlau tom qab kub dov, thiab muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau thaj tsam shrinkage (Z) thiab Impact toughness (Akv) cuam tshuam me ntsis. Manganese yog ib qho khoom siv uas nthuav dav rau theem cheeb tsam thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hauv siab manganese austenitic hnav-resistant steel, siab zog tsis-sib nqus hlau, austenitic stainless hlau thiab hnav-resistant steel.
• Phosphorus nkag mus rau cov hlau nrog cov khoom siv raw. Phosphorus muaj cov tshuaj muaj zog ntxiv dag zog rau cov nyhuv thiab tuaj yeem yaj tag nrho hauv cov ferrite, uas ua rau kom lub zog thiab hardness ntawm cov hlau tab sis txo nws cov plasticity thiab toughness. Qhov tshwm sim embrittlement no hnyav dua ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab hu ua "txias brittleness". Tshwj xeeb, thaum lub sij hawm crystallization txheej txheem ntawm phosphorus, intracrystalline segregation yog ib qho yooj yim tshwm sim, ua rau muaj cov ntsiab lus phosphorus hauv zos siab, uas ua rau qhov txias-nkig hloov kub nce, ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntau dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib cais ntawm phosphorus kuj ua rau cov hlau tsim cov qauv zoo li band tom qab kub dov. Cov ntsiab lus phosphorus hauv cov hlau yuav tsum raug txo kom ntau li ntau tau (cov hlau dav dav tsawg dua 0.045, thiab cov hlau zoo yuav tsum muaj cov ntsiab lus qis dua). Hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, kev siv phosphorus thiab tooj liab sib xyaw ua ke yuav txhim kho cov atmospheric corrosion kuj ntawm low-alloy high-strength steel.
• Sulfur nkag mus rau cov hlau nrog rau cov khoom siv raw thiab roj. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev cov khoom, sulfur nyob rau hauv steel muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm FeS, thiab nws solubility yog heev me me. Vim yog cov yas tsis zoo ntawm FeS, steel nrog cov ntsiab lus sulfur siab dua yog nkig. Tshwj xeeb, FeS thiab Fe tuaj yeem tsim qhov qis melting point eutectic faib rau ntawm thaj tsam ntawm austenite. Thaum cov hlau yog rhuab mus rau 1200 degree rau siab ua, vim lub melting ntawm lub eutectic nyob rau hauv lub grain ciam teb, lub intergranular bonding raug puas tsuaj, ua rau cov hlau tawg nyob rau hauv lub grain ciam teb thaum lub sij hawm ua yog ib tug tshwm sim hu ua "kub embrittlement." Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov teeb meem phom sij ntawm leej faj, cov ntsiab lus sulfur yuav tsum nruj me ntsis txwv thiab cov ntsiab lus manganese hauv cov hlau yuav tsum tau nce kom tsim nyog. Feem ntau, leej faj yog suav tias yog cov khoom tsis zoo, tab sis cov hlau uas muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tooj liab ntau tuaj yeem tsim tau ntau dua MnS, uas tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv lubrication thiab nti tawg thaum txiav, thiab tuaj yeem txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hlau, yog li nws yooj yim rau kev siv cov khoom siv ntxiv. rau txiav steel.
• Chromium yog cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig. Nws muaj cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv dag zog, ua rau cov hlau kub-nyuaj, thiab tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kub thiab txias, oxidation kuj thiab corrosion kuj. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb alloy caij nyob rau hauv high-temperature alloys thiab super-hard high-speed steel. Hauv cov txheej txheem thiab cov cuab yeej steel, chromium tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog, hardness thiab hnav tsis kam, tab sis txo cov plasticity thiab toughness. Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho oxidation tsis kam thiab corrosion tsis kam ntawm cov hlau, yog li nws kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel thiab cov hlau tsis muaj cua sov.
• Nickel muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion siab rau cov kua qaub thiab alkalis, thiab yog xeb-pov thawj thiab kub-resistant ntawm kub kub. Txawm li cas los xij, nws kim heev thiab yog ib qho khoom siv tsawg hauv kuv lub tebchaws. Nws feem ntau yog siv ua ke nrog chromium thiab molybdenum nyob rau hauv high-qib alloy steel los tsim ib lub tshav kub-lub zog steel. Thiab lub ntsiab alloying ntsiab ntawm stainless hlau thiab high-temperature alloys. Nickel tuaj yeem ua kom lub zog ntawm cov hlau thiab tswj tau zoo plasticity thiab toughness.
• Thaum cov ntsiab lus tooj liab siab, nws yog kev puas tsuaj rau kev kub deformation. Yog tias nws tshaj {{0}}.3%, nws yuav ua rau kub kub ntawm tooj liab brittleness thaum kub deformation ua. Thaum cov ntsiab lus siab dua 0.75%, kev laus zog tuaj yeem tshwm sim tom qab cov khoom siv kho mob thiab kev laus. Nyob rau hauv qis carbon alloy steel, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog coexistence ntawm tooj liab thiab phosphorus tuaj yeem txhim kho atmospheric corrosion kuj ntawm cov hlau. 2% -3% tooj liab hauv stainless hlau tuaj yeem txhim kho corrosion kuj ntawm sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid thiab hydrochloric acid.
• Tungsten muaj qhov siab melting point thiab siab ceev. Nws yog ib qho alloy nrog ntau reserves hauv Suav teb. tungsten thiab carbon daim ntawv tungsten carbide, uas muaj siab hardness thiab hnav tsis kam. Ntxiv tungsten rau cov cuab yeej hlau tuaj yeem txhim kho cov xim liab thiab thermal zog, thiab tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej, pwm steels thiab cemented carbide, thiab lwm yam.
• Molybdenum tuaj yeem kho cov nplej ntawm cov hlau, txhim kho hardenability thiab thermal zog zog, thiab tswj kom muaj zog txaus thiab nkag mus rau qhov kub thiab txias. Ntxiv molybdenum rau cov qauv hlau tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom siv kho tshuab, inhibit qhov brittleness ntawm alloy steel vim tempering, thiab txhim kho cov xim liab hardness thiab hnav tsis kam ntawm cov cuab yeej steel.
• Vanadium solid tov nyob rau hauv ferrite ua ib tug muaj zog cov khoom siv ntxiv dag zog rau cov nyhuv, uas muaj peev xwm refine cov nplej. Vanadium khoom tov hauv austenite tuaj yeem txhim kho hardenability ntawm steel thiab txhim kho qhov kub thiab txias cuam tshuam toughness. Txawm li cas los xij, lub xub ntiag ntawm vanadium nyob rau hauv lub xeev ua ke yuav txo cov hardenability ntawm hlau, nce tempering stability ntawm steel, thiab muaj ib tug muaj zog theem nrab hardening nyhuv. Vanadium carbide yog cov hlau hardener uas tsis tshua muaj siab hardness thiab zoo heev hnav tsis kam. Nws tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv lub neej ntawm cov cuab yeej steel thiab txhim kho qhov nkag thiab lub zog ntev ntawm cov hlau.
• Titanium yog lub zog deoxidizer rau hlau. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov qauv sab hauv cov hlau tuab, ua kom cov nplej, thiab txo cov kev laus kev laus thiab txias brittleness. Titanium muaj cov khoom muaj zog ntxiv dag zog rau cov nyhuv, thiab nws cov khoom siv hauv austenite txhim kho cov hardenability ntawm steel, tab sis nws kuj txo cov toughness ntawm cov khoom tov. Titanium compounds txo cov hardenability ntawm steel, txhim kho tempering stability thiab muaj ib tug thib ob hardening nyhuv. Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho oxidation tsis kam, thermal zog, nkag thiab lub zog ntev ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj cua sov, thiab muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho cov weldability ntawm cov hlau.
• Microalloyed steel (steel nrog cov ntsiab lus alloying tsawg dua 0.1%) tsim nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no tsuas yog siv niobium, vanadium, thiab titanium ua alloying ntsiab. Ntawm lawv, niobium plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov hlau. Nws cov yam ntxwv yog tias nws tuaj yeem ua ke nrog carbon thiab nitrogen los tsim nitrides thiab carbonitrides. Cov tebchaw no yaj ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm qhov kub tsawg. Nws txoj haujlwm yog los cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm thawj cov nplej austenite thaum cua sov, inhibit recrystallization thiab grain loj hlob tom qab recrystallization thaum dov, thiab precipitate ntawm qis kub kom ntxiv dag zog. Cov kab lus ntxiv rau microalloy steel tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog, tab sis cov txheej txheem dov tswj yuav tsum tau siv rau kev ua haujlwm siab, txwv tsis pub lub toughness yuav deteriorate. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov txheej txheem dov tswj tau tuaj yeem kho cov nplej thiab ua rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tawv nqaij los ntawm nag lossis daus.
• Aluminium yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog heev thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog oxygen thiab nitrogen. Yuav kom deoxidize, txhuas feem ntau yog ntxiv rau steelmaking. Nws tuaj yeem kho cov nplej, inhibit qhov kev laus ntawm cov pa roj carbon tsawg, thiab txhim kho cov tawv tawv ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj kub. Thaum siv los ua cov khoom siv hlau, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho oxidation tsis kam ntawm hlau. Nws tseem tuaj yeem siv los txhim kho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov hlau thiab txhim kho nitriding. Hnav tsis kam thiab qaug zog lub zog ntawm steel. Yog li ntawd, nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv nitrided steel, tshav kub-resistant tev steel, sib nqus hlau, thiab electrothermal alloys.
• Boron yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom uas muaj tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog heev. Nws muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog nitrogen, oxygen thiab carbon. Nws yog ntxiv rau steel feem ntau los txhim kho lub hardenability. Tempering ntawm 300 ~ 400 degree tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov cuam tshuam. Nws feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov iav steel, caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel, cua sov-resistant steel, thiab lwm yam. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum nws siv cov pa roj carbon siab lossis thaum cov pa oxygen seem hauv cov hlau siab, nws txoj haujlwm zoo yuav raug cuam tshuam.
• Cov nitrogen hauv cov hlau yog los ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob. Thaum smelting thiab casting, cov hlau ua kua absorbs nitrogen los ntawm lub cub tawg thiab cua. Nitrogen ua rau quenching thiab deformation aging ntawm carbon steel, uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov khoom ntawm carbon steel. Vim cov nyhuv laus ntawm nitrogen, txawm hais tias lub hardness thiab lub zog ntawm steel tau nce, lub plasticity thiab toughness yuav txo. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm deformation laus, lub plasticity thiab toughness poob ho. Rau cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau zoo tib yam, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev laus yog teeb meem, yog li nitrogen yog suav tias yog ib qho teeb meem. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum siv rau qee cov hlau zoo, cov hlau uas muaj vanadium thiab niobium, thiab super stainless hlau, nitride muaj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntxiv dag zog thiab kho cov nplej, yog li nws cov txiaj ntsig tau pom nyob rau xyoo tas los no. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li cov khoom siv alloying, nitrogen yog siv nyob rau hauv qee qhov stainless acid-resistant steels thiab hauv kev kho nitriding. Kev kho nitriding tuaj yeem ua rau lub tshuab ua haujlwm kom tau txais cov khoom siv kho tshuab zoo heev thiab txuas ntxiv lub neej kev pabcuam ntawm cov khoom, yog li kev kho nitriding yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov cuab yeej steel. Ib txoj kev siv los nce hardness.
• Lub melting point ntawm txhuas yog tsawg heev. Nws yog faib nyob rau hauv lub grain ciam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm zoo hlau hais nrog tsawg melting point nyob rau hauv steel, ua rau brittleness. Nws yog ib qho teeb meem rau cov hlau dav dav. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum nws siv los ua cov hlau tsis muaj hlau tsis muaj hlau, vim tias cov hlau lead yuav ua raws li ib puag ncig sulfide, cov hlau lead molten yuav nkag mus thaum txiav, uas yuav lubricate thiab tawg cov chips, txo qhov winding ntawm lub cuab yeej; Ntxiv mus, thaum txhim kho qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau, nws yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam me ntsis rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm chav tsev kub.
• Tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb hais txog 15 lub ntsiab lus lanthanide nrog atomic tooj ntawm 57 txog 71 nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, nrog rau tag nrho ntawm 17 lub ntsiab xws li yttrium thiab scandium. Tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem txhim kho cov qauv ntawm cov hlau, hloov cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov duab, faib thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv hauv cov hlau, yog li txhim kho ntau yam khoom ntawm cov hlau, xws li toughness, weldability, txias ua hauj lwm, thiab txhim kho oxidation kuj thiab siab. - kub lub zog. thiab creep zog, nce corrosion kuj.
• Cov hydrogen nyob rau hauv cov hlau yog coj los ntawm cov dej uas muaj los yog xeb, los yog absorbed los ntawm huab cua uas muaj dej vapor. Hydrogen muaj teeb meem rau cov hlau thiab tuaj yeem ua rau "hydrogen embrittlement", uas yog, thaum lub siab tso cai ntawm cov hlau qis dua qhov kev cia siab ntawm cov hlau, tom qab qee lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, cov hlau yuav dheev tawg yam tsis muaj kev ceeb toom, ua rau. kev puas tsuaj loj. Qhov tshwm sim; Nws kuj tseem yuav ua rau muaj cov kab nrib pleb zoo hauv cov hlau - cov pob dawb, uas yog, cov xim dawb dawb ntawm cov hlaws ntawm cov hlau, thiab cov kab plaub hau zoo li cov kab nrib pleb ntawm qhov ntev tom qab pickling. Hom kab plaub hau no ua rau txo qhov elongation, thaj tsam shrinkage thiab cuam tshuam toughness ntawm cov hlau. Hom kev tsis zoo no feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov hlau alloy thiab muaj teeb meem loj.
• Solubility ntawm oxygen nyob rau hauv steel yog tsawg heev, thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm nws muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm oxide inclusions, xws li Fe0, AL2O3, MnO, CaO, MgO, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, FeS, MnS, silicates , nitrides thiab phosphides kuj muaj nyob rau hauv hlau. Cov kev suav nrog no rhuav tshem qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm cov hlau matrix thiab dhau los ua qhov chaw ntawm cov kab nrib pleb nyob rau hauv cov khoom zoo li qub thiab dynamic loads. Ntau lub xeev ntawm cov non-metallic inclusions cuam tshuam rau plasticity, toughness, qaug zog lub zog thiab corrosion kuj ntawm hlau mus rau txawv degrees.